We developed a 1-km resolution long-term soil moisture dataset of China derived through machine learning trained with in-situ measurements of 1,648 stations, named as SMCI1.0 (Soil moisture of China based on In-situ data, Li et al, 2022). SMCI1.0 provides 10-layer soil moisture with 10 cm intervals up to 100 cm deep at daily resolution over the period 2000-2020. Random Forest is used to predict soil moisture using ERA5-land time series, leaf area index, land cover type, topography and soil properties as covariates. Using in-situ soil moisture as the benchmark (The data comes from China Meteorological Administration), two independent experiments are conducted to investigate the estimation accuracy of the SMCI1.0: year-to-year experiment (ubRMSE ranges from 0.041-0.052 and R ranges from 0.883-0.919) and station-to-station experiment (ubRMSE ranges from 0.045-0.051 and R ranges from 0.866-0.893). As SMCI1.0 is based on in-situ data, it can be useful complements of existing model-based and satellite-based datasets for various hydrological, meteorological, and ecological analyses and modeling, especially for those applications requiring high resolution SM maps. Please read the readme file for more details. We provided two versions with different resolution, i.e., 30 arc seconds (~1km) and 0.1 degree (~9km).
SHANGGUAN Wei, LI Qingliang , SHI Gaosong
Based on the data of GF-1 and GF-2 in China, the freeze-thaw disaster distribution data of Qinghai Tibet project corridor is produced by using the deep learning classification method and manual visual interpretation and correction. The geographical range of the data is 40km along the Xidatan Anduo section of Qinghai Tibet highway. The data include the distribution data of thermokast lakes and the distribution data of thermal melting landslides. The dataset can provide data basis for the research of freeze-thaw disaster and engineering disaster prevention and reduction in Qinghai Tibet engineering corridor. The spatial distribution of freezing and thawing disasters within 40km along the Xidatan-Anduo section of Qinghai Tibet highway is self-made based on the domestic GF-2 image data. Firstly, the deep learning method is used to extract the mud flow terrace block from GF-2 data; Then, ArcGIS is used for manual editing.
NIU Fujun, LUO Jing LUO Jing
This data set is a code file set of TCA (triple collision analysis) algorithm, which is used to generate the global daily-scale soil moisture fusion dataset from 2011 to 2018.
XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, XIE Qiuxia, JIA Li , HU Guangcheng
CMIP6 is the sixth climate model comparison plan organized by the World Climate Research Program (WCRP). Original data from https://www.wcrp-climate.org/wgcm-cmip/wgcm-cmip6 。 This dataset contains four SSP scenarios of Scenario MIP in CMIP6. (1) SSP126: Upgrade of RCP2.6 scenario based on SSP1 (low forcing scenario) (radiation forcing will reach 2.6W/m2 in 2100). (2) SSP245: Upgrade of RCP4.5 scenario based on SSP2 (moderate forcing scenario) (radiation forcing will reach 4.5 W/m2 in 2100). (3) SSP370: New RCP7.0 emission path based on SSP3 (medium forcing scenario) (radiation forcing will reach 7.0 W/m2 in 2100). (4) SSP585: Upgrade the RCP8.5 scenario based on SSP5 (high forcing scenario) (SSP585 is the only SSP scenario that can make the radiation forcing reach 8.5 W/m2 in 2100). Using GRU data to correct the post-processing deviation of the original CMIP data, the post-processing data set of monthly precipitation (pr) and temperature (tas) estimates from 2046-2065 was obtained, with a reference period of 1985-2014.
YE Aizhong
The ground-based observation dataset of aerosol optical properties over the Tibetan Plateau was obtained by continuous observation with a Cimel 318 sunphotometer, involving two stations: Qomolangma Station and Nam Co Station. These products have taken the process of cloud detection. The data cover the period from January 1, 2021 to December 31, 2021, and the time resolution is daily. The sunphotometer has eight observation channels from visible light to near infrared, and the central wavelengths are 340, 380, 440, 500, 670, 870, 940 and 1120 nm, respectively. The field of view angle of the instrument is 1.2°, and the sun tracking accuracy is 0.1°. Six bands of aerosol optical thickness can be obtained from direct solar radiation, and the accuracy is estimated to be 0.01-0.02. Finally, AERONET unified inversion algorithm was used to obtain the aerosol optical thickness, Ångström index, aerosol particle size distribution, single scattering albedo, phase function, complex refraction index and asymmetry factor.
CONG Zhiyuan
Based on the monthly precipitation data of 262 rain gauges, WRF and ERA5 precipitation data in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin, the daily precipitation data with a resolution of 10km from 1951 to 2020 in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin and seven sub basins are reconstructed using random forest learning algorithm. This data has been verified by the single point of the station and performs well in terms of annual and seasonal changes. And the data has been reverse evaluated by the hydrological model, which is used to drive the VIC hydrological model to simulate the runoff change of Yajiang River basin and each sub basin, and verified by the measured runoff, MODIS and glacier cataloging data. On the basis of the original first edition, this data has considered the spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation, which can better describe the precipitation characteristics in alpine regions.
SUN He
Simulation results of land use and cover in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River basin(HRB) under the Basic, Ecology and Rapid Economic Development scenarios, time frame: 2015-2030, spatial resolution: 1km. Upper HRB land use data simulation, spatial resolution is 1km; Middle HRB land use data simulation, spatial resolution is 1km; Downstream HRB land use data simulation, spatial resolution is 1km. The spatial resolution of land use data in the downstream area of the HRB is 1 km. The land use data in the Economic scenario focuses on rapid economic development and rapid expansion of land for construction, while forest and grassland protection is neglected. The data were obtained based on historical land use data using DLS model simulations.
WU Feng
The Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor runs from Golmud to Lhasa. It passes through the core region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and is an important passage connecting the interior and Tibet. The active layer thickness (ALT) is not only an important index to study the thermal state of ground in permafrost region, but also a key factor to be considered in the construction of permafrost engineering. The core of GIPL1.0 is kudryavtesv method, which takes into account the thermophysical properties of snow cover, vegetation and different soil layers. However, Yin Guoan et al. found that compared with kudryavtesv method, the accuracy of TTOP model is higher, so they improved the model in combination with freezing / thawing index. Through verification of field monitoring data, it was found that the simulation error of ALT is less than 50cm. Therefore, the ALT in the Qinghai Tibet project corridor is simulated by using the improved GIPL1.0 model, and the future ALT under the ssp2-4.5 climate change scenario is predicted.
NIU Fujun
The data set contains vectorized rooftop area data for 90 cities in China (comprehensively selected according to city administrative level and regional distribution. See Annex 1 for the list of cities). It is mainly based on deep learning semantic segmentation model and multi-source remote sensing images. Firstly, the original image is preprocessed, stratified sampling and visual interpretation are carried out according to the city level and its regional distribution, and the training and test data are made. Then the training data is input into the deep learning semantic segmentation model for training to make it suitable for the building roof extraction task. Based on the test data, the performance of the building roof extraction model is evaluated by using the general index of the result evaluation in the field of deep learning. Finally, this model is applied to the task of building roof extraction in 90 cities in China, and the building roof is automatically extracted and vectorized. The data set can provide important data support for relevant research based on building roofs (such as roof solar potential assessment, urban planning, etc.) in cities and even in the whole country.
NANJING NORMAL UNIVERSITY Lab of smart city sensing and simulation
The triple pole aerosol type data product is an aerosol type result obtained through a series of data pre-processing, quality control, statistical analysis and comparative analysis processes by comprehensively using MEERA 2 assimilation data and active satellite CALIPSO products. The key of the aerosol type fusion algorithm is to judge the aerosol type of CALIPSO. During the data fusion of aerosol type, the final aerosol type data (12 types in total) and quality control results in the three polar regions are obtained according to the types and quality control of CALIPSO aerosol types and referring to MERRA 2 aerosol types. The data product fully considers the vertical and spatial distribution of aerosols, and has a high spatial resolution (0.625 ° × 0.5 °) and time resolution (month).
ZHAO Chuanfeng
Under the background of global warming, the cryosphere is one of the most sensitive spheres to climate change. The cryosphere is the world's largest reservoir of freshwater resources. The change of the cryosphere has an important impact on the energy exchange, water resources, ecology and disaster process of the earth atmosphere system. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore the response of cryosphere change to climate change. Using satellite remote sensing data, reanalysis data, and observation data, the cryosphere elements were integrated to build a global scale cryosphere range and phenology dataset for 1979-2016. The results can be used to further study the response mechanism of the cryosphere to climate change, as well as to provide basic support for the research of ecosystems, carbon cycle, etc.
PENG Xiaoqing
The data set is the original repeated GPS observation data along Paizhen - Motuo active deformation Himalayan orogenic belt in Southeast Tibetan Plateau. The data are measured in 2021, including the data of 18 stations, and the data quality is good. Through the observation data of these observation points, we can reveal the horizontal and vertical distribution characteristics of the northward converging strain of the Indian continent in the key parts of the Himalayan orogenic belt. And we can understand the current uplift state of the Himalayan orogenic belt and its correlation with horizontal movement, and combine with the active faults. Based on the theory of motion dislocation, the quantitative distribution of strain between earthquakes could be studied, as well as the strain accumulation characteristics, fault locking range and fault locking level between earthquakes, which provide important constraints for evaluating the seismic risk of active faults in the study area.
HE Jiankun
Known as the "Asian water tower", the Qinghai Tibet Plateau is the source of many rivers in Southeast Asia. As an important and easily accessible water resource, the runoff provided by it supports the production and life of billions of people around it and the diversity of the ecosystem. The glacier runoff data set in the five river source areas of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau covers the period from 2005 to 2010, with a time resolution of every five years. It covers the source areas of the five major rivers in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau (the source of the Yellow River, the source of the Yangtze River, the source of the Lancang River, the source of the Nujiang River, and the source of the Yarlung Zangbo River). The spatial resolution is 1km. Based on multi-source remote sensing, simulation, statistics, and measured data, GIS methods and ecological economics methods are used, The value of water resources service in the cryosphere in the source area of the river and river is quantified, and all its data are subject to quality control.
WANG Shijin
NDVI reflects the background effects of plant canopy, such as soil, wet ground, snow, dead leaves, roughness, etc., and is related to vegetation cover. It is one of the important parameters to reflect the crop growth and nutrient information. According to this parameter, the N demand of crops in different seasons can be known, which is an important guide to the reasonable application of N fertilizer. Correct NDVI (C-NDVI) is the value of NDVI after excluding the influence of climate elements (temperature, precipitation, etc.) on NDVI. Taking precipitation as an example, studies on the lag effect of precipitation on vegetation growth show that the lag time of precipitation effects varies in different regions due to differences in vegetation composition and soil types. In this study, we post-processed the MODIS NDVI data and firstly correlated the NDVI value of the current month with the precipitation of the current month, the average value of the precipitation of the current month with that of the previous month, and the average value of the precipitation of the current month with that of the previous two months to determine the optimal lag time. The NDVI was regressed on precipitation and air temperature to obtain the correlation coefficients, and then the corrected NDVI values were calculated by the difference between the MODIS NDVI and the NDVI regressed on climate factors. We corrected NDVI using climate data to give reliable vegetation correction indices for the circum-Arctic Circle (range north of 66°N) and the Tibetan Plateau (range 26°N to 39.85°N and 73.45°E to 104.65°E) for 2013 and 2018. The spatial resolution of the data is 0.5 degrees and the temporal resolution is monthly values.
YE Aizhong
Water cover is one of the basic parameters of water cycle and energy balance. Based on the AVHRR daily reflectance time series from 1982 to 2020, this data set has produced 39 year long-term daily water body mapping products (including water body icing information) on the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. This dataset contains 39 folders, named after the year (from 1982 to 2020). Each folder contains 365 / 366 GeoTIFF files, and each file contains two bands: (1) water mapping band (waterlayer); (2) Quality control information band (QC). This product provides data support for remote sensing monitoring of water bodies in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau.
JI Luyan
This product provides the monthly runoff, evapotranspiration and soil water of major Arctic river basins in 2018-2065 based on the land surface model Vic. The spatial accuracy is 10km. Major Arctic river basins include Lena, Yenisey, ob, Kolyma, Yukon and Mackenzie basins. According to the rcp2.6 (low emission intensity) and rcp8.5 (high emission intensity) scenario results provided by the ipsl-cm5a-lr model in cmip5 in the fifth assessment report of IPCC, the future climate scenario driving data applicable to the Arctic region of 0.1 ° is obtained through statistical downscaling. Using the calibrated land surface hydrological model Vic on a global scale, based on the future climate scenario driven data of 0.1 °, the monthly time series of runoff, soil water and evapotranspiration of the Arctic River Basin in the middle of this century under future climate change are estimated.
TANG Yin , TANG Qiuhong , WANG Ninglian, WU Yuwei
Monthly average daytime as well as nighttime data of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) for 354 cities in China. The time range of the data is from January 2012 to December 2021, with a temporal resolution of month-by-month. The spatial resolution is 1 km. The data is mainly based on the MYD07 atmosphere profile dataset and MYD11 land surface temperature dataset provided by MODIS, and incorporates the wind speed provided by ERA5 reanalysis data. The urban boundary is demarcated according to the 2018 data provided by Global Urban Boundary-GUB dataset. All the data are resampled to 1 km, in order to maintain the uniform spatial resolution. With the rapid urbanization and global warming, the data are useful for studying the spatiotemporal patterns of urban thermal comfortable and related analysis.
王 晨光 , WANG Chenguang, WANG Chenguang, 占 文凤 ZHAN Wenfeng
Based on the Sentinel-2 and Landsat 5/7/8 multispectral instrument imageries combined with in-situ measured hydrological data, bankfull river geometry of six major exorheic river basins of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (the upper Yellow River, upper Jinsha River, Yalong River, Lantsang River, Nu River and Yalung Zangbo River) are presented. River surface of six mainstreams and major tributaries are included. For each river basin, two types of rivers are included: connected and disconnected rivers. Format of the dataset is .shp exported from the ArcGIS 10.5. Three products are included in the dataset: one original product (bankfull river surface dataset) and two derived products (bankfull river width dataset and bankfull river surface area dataset with a 1 km river length interval). These three products are in three folders. The first folder, “1-Bankfull River Surface”, contains river surface vectors for six river basins in the .shp file. The second folder, “2-Bankfull River Width”, contains bankfull river widths and corresponding coordinates with a 1 km-step river length for six mainstreams and some connected tributaries in .xlsx format. The river width vectors in the .shp files are also provided in the second folder. The third folder, “3-Bankfull River Surface Area”, contains bankfull river surface areas and corresponding coordinates with a 1 km-step river length for six mainstreams and some connected tributaries in .xlsx format. Three Supplementary Files are included: Supplementary File 1, tables and figures related to the dataset; Supplementary File 2, used for river surface extraction based on GEE platform; Supplementary File 3, used for river width extraction based on Matlab. The provided planform river hydromorphology data can supplement global hydrography datasets and effectively represent the combined fluvial geomorphology and geological background in the study area.
LI Dan , XUE Yuan , QIN Chao , WU Baosheng , CHEN Bowei , WANG Ge
We propose an algorithm for ice crack identification and detection using u-net network, which can realize the automatic detection of Antarctic ice cracks. Based on the data of sentinel-1 EW from January to February every year, in order to suppress the speckle noise of SAR image, the probabilistic patch based weights (ppb) algorithm is selected for filtering, and then representative samples are selected and input into the u-net network for model training, and the ice cracks are predicted according to the trained model. Taking five typical ice shelves（Amery、Fimbul、Nickerson、Shackleton、Thwaiters) in Antarctica as an example, the average accuracy of classification results can reach 94.5%, of which the local accuracy of fissure area can reach 78.6%, and the recall rate is 89.4%.
LI Xinwu , LIANG Shuang , YANG Bojin , ZHAO Jingjing
We propose an algorithm for ice fissure identification and detection using u-net network, which can realize the automatic detection of ice fissures of Typical Glaciers in Greenland ice sheet. Based on the data of sentinel-1 IW from July and August every year, in order to suppress the speckle noise of SAR image, the probabilistic patch based weights (ppb) algorithm is selected for filtering, and then the representative samples are selected and input into the u-net network for model training, and the ice cracks are predicted according to the trained model. Taking two typical glaciers in Greenland (Jakobshavn and Kangerdlussuaq) as examples, the average accuracy of classification results can reach 94.5%, of which the local accuracy of fissure area can reach 78.6%, and the recall rate is 89.4%.
LI Xinwu , LIANG Shuang , YANG Bojin , ZHAO Jingjing
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